![]() Mammary duct ectasia is characterized by blocked lactiferous ducts filled with debris, leading to inflammation. What are the clinical features and etiologies of mammary duct ectasia and fat necrosis? Continuing to breastfeed is an essential part of treating lactational mastitis as it helps relieve the breast obstruction. This trauma can lead to poor milk drainage and duct obstruction, resulting in lactational mastitis. It is most frequently associated with breastfeeding, specifically due to nipple trauma caused by the baby's latch. Some cases may feature purulent nipple discharge. Mastitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the breast ducts, commonly presenting with erythema and breast pain. What are the common symptoms of mastitis and how is it related to breastfeeding? Medications that inhibit dopamine receptors, particularly D2 dopamine receptor antagonists such as certain antipsychotics, can also cause galactorrhea. It may arise either through mechanical factors or be precipitated by specific conditions like prolactinomas. Lastly, Galactorrhea presents as bilateral milky nipple discharge unrelated to breastfeeding. These growths can sometimes harbor cellular atypia or ductal carcinoma in situ, thereby heightening the risk for malignancy. Intraductal papillomas occur within lactiferous ducts, and are the leading cause of bloody nipple discharge. In contrast, phyllodes tumors typically arise in women in their 40s and may display malignant behavior despite their benign classification. Histology shows proliferation in both the fibrous stroma and adenomatous ducts. ![]() Fibroadenomas present as palpable masses that are well-defined, rubbery, and mobile. Sclerosing adenosis is another proliferative lesion characterized by an overgrowth of glandular tissue in the lobules and accompanying fibrous tissue, or ‘sclerosis.’ Sclerosing adenosis also increases the risk of developing breast cancer.īenign breast tumors include fibroadenomas, which are estrogen-responsive tumors that worsen in high estrogen states (pregnancy, lactation, pre-ovulation) and predominantly appear in young women. When these cells undergo atypical changes-marked by disorganized architecture and dark purple nuclei-the condition escalates to atypical epithelial hyperplasia, which increases the risk of breast cancer. Proliferative lesions include epithelial hyperplasia, which features an increase in organized epithelial cells, leading to occlusion of the mammary ducts or lobules. These cells are granular and can be associated with cyclic mastalgia in premenopausal women, particularly within the scope of non-proliferative fibrocystic change. Papillary apocrine change manifests as ductal epithelial cells that resemble apocrine glands. Radiographically, these cysts may display regions of calcification, and manifest as ‘blue dome cysts’ on gross pathology. Breast cysts are the most prevalent nonproliferative lesion, often manifesting as a lumpy breast texture due to fibrous stromal proliferation. Nonproliferative lesions include breast cysts, characterized by small, fluid-filled sacs scattered throughout the breast. The most prevalent benign breast disorder in premenopausal women is fibrocystic change, which can be nonproliferative or proliferative. Like mammary duct ectasia, fat necrosis can also exhibit radiological opacities, often making it a differential diagnosis for breast cancer. Radiographic findings may show radio-opacities due to calcified secretions within the ducts.įat necrosis is typically caused by breast trauma, and presents as an irregular mass and breast pain. Clinical signs include breast pain and dilated ducts, along with a characteristic thick, greenish nipple discharge. Mammary duct ectasia results from blocked lactiferous ducts laden with cellular debris. Continued breastfeeding is recommended to alleviate ductal obstruction. A possible complication is the formation of a galactocele, a milk-filled cyst that can become infected, commonly by Staphylococcus aureus. It manifests as erythema and breast pain, most often initiated by nipple trauma during breastfeeding. Mastitis is an inflammatory disorder affecting the breast ducts and is commonly associated with breastfeeding. ![]() The stromal component comprises fatty & fibrous connective tissue, making up most of the breast's volume when not lactating. The epithelial components includes the breast lobules, responsible for milk production, and lactiferous ducts, which channel milk to the nipple. Benign breast disorders are diverse conditions that can be understood by appreciating the anatomy of the breast, which is mainly composed of epithelial and stromal aspects.
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